The Romans will overcome after defeat
Quran 30:2-4Quran
The Byzantines have been defeated In the nearest land. But they, after their defeat, will overcome Within three to nine years. To Allah belongs the command [i.e., decree] before and after. And that day the believers will rejoiceQuran 30:2-4, Sahih International
What happened
In the early seventh century Persia took Syria, Jerusalem (614) and Egypt from the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire. Emperor Heraclius then campaigned into Persian territory from 622 and defeated the Persian army near Nineveh in December 627; the Persian king Khusro II was overthrown early in 628.
The Muslim case
Muslim scholars such as al-Zajjaj (quoted by IslamQA) treat this as a clear case of the Quran speaking of the future. Sh. Mohammad Elshinawy (Yaqeen Institute) notes that Edward Gibbon called the prediction distant from its accomplishment at the time, and that the Meccans mocked it. Ibn Kathir records a wager over it in Mecca.
Scope
The Arabic bid' sinin is usually explained as three to nine years. Which defeat marks the start is discussed by commentators; the reversal itself is well documented in Roman and Armenian sources.
Abu Lahab and his fate
Quran 111:1-3Quran
May the hands of Abū Lahab be ruined, and ruined is he. His wealth will not avail him or that which he gained. He will [enter to] burn in a Fire of [blazing] flameQuran 111:1-3, Sahih International
What happened
Abu Lahab, an uncle of the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) and one of his strongest opponents in Mecca, lived for years after these verses were recited and died around the time of the Battle of Badr (624) without accepting Islam.
The Muslim case
Yaqeen Institute and InfoIslam point out that for roughly a decade Abu Lahab could have challenged the verses simply by declaring Islam, even insincerely, and never did.
Scope
The verses do not use the word 'never'; the Muslim argument rests on the promise of the Fire made about a living man.
Entering the Sacred Mosque in safety
Quran 48:27Quran
Certainly has Allah showed to His Messenger the vision [i.e., dream] in truth. You will surely enter al-Masjid al-Ḥarām, if Allah wills, in safety, with your heads shaved and [hair] shortened, not fearing [anyone]. He knew what you did not know and has arranged before that a conquest near [at hand].Quran 48:27, Sahih International
What happened
In 628 the Muslims were turned back from Mecca at al-Hudaybiyya and agreed a treaty. They performed the lesser pilgrimage the following year (629), and Mecca came under Muslim control in 630 with little fighting.
The Muslim case
IslamQA cites al-Tabari: the verse confirms the vision that the Prophet and his companions would enter the Sacred House without fear, with heads shaved or hair cut short. InfoIslam stresses it came at a low point, after the companions were turned away.
Scope
The verse includes 'if Allah wills' and also mentions a 'conquest near at hand', which commentators identify with Khaybar or Hudaybiyya itself.
Badr: one of the two groups
Quran 8:7; Sahih Muslim 1779Quran; Sahih Muslim
[Remember, O believers], when Allah promised you one of the two groups - that it would be yours - and you wished that the unarmed one would be yours. But Allah intended to establish the truth by His words and to eliminate the disbelieversQuran 8:7, Sahih International
“Then the Messenger of Allah said: This is the place where so and so would be killed. He placed his hand on the earth (saying) here and here; (and) none of them fell away from the place which the Messenger of Allah had indicated by placing his hand on the earth.”Sahih Muslim 1779, English translation as given on sunnah.com
What happened
In 624 the Muslims set out toward a Meccan caravan but met the Meccan army instead at Badr, and defeated a much larger force.
The Muslim case
IslamQA cites Ibn al-Jawzi: the two groups were Abu Sufyan's caravan and Abu Jahl's army, and the promise was fulfilled with the army. Yaqeen and InfoIslam add the report in Sahih Muslim that the Prophet marked where named Meccan leaders would fall the night before.
Scope
The marked-spots report is the testimony of companions present at Badr; no outside source covers that detail.