No Khosrau after Khosrau, no Caesar after Caesar
Sahih al-Bukhari 3618; Sahih Muslim 2918Sahih (al-Bukhari, Muslim)
“When Khosrau perishes, there will be no (more) Khosrau after him, and when Caesar perishes, there will be no more Caesar after him. By Him in Whose Hands Muhammad's life is, you will spend the treasures of both of them in Allah's Cause.”Sahih al-Bukhari 3618, English translation as given on sunnah.com
What happened
The Sasanian Persian empire fell to the Muslims; its last king, Yazdegerd III, was killed in 651 and the dynasty ended. The Byzantine Empire lost Syria, Palestine and Egypt in the 630s and 640s, though it survived at Constantinople.
The Muslim case
Yaqeen Institute cites al-Shafi'i and al-Khattabi: the meaning is that there would be no Caesar in Syria and no Khosrau in Iraq. InfoIslam draws attention to the difference in outcome: one empire ended, the other lost its eastern provinces.
Scope
The geographic reading is that of classical scholars; the hadith wording itself is general.
Adi ibn Hatim: a safe road and the treasures of Khosrau
Sahih al-Bukhari 3595Sahih (al-Bukhari)
“If you should live for a long time, you will certainly see that a lady in a Howdah traveling from Al-Hira will (safely reach Mecca and) perform the Tawaf of the Ka'ba, fearing none but Allah. ... If you should live long, the treasures of Khosrau will be opened.”Sahih al-Bukhari 3595, English translation as given on sunnah.com
What happened
Al-Hira in Iraq came under Muslim rule in 633, and the Persian capital Ctesiphon with its treasury fell in 637.
The Muslim case
In the same narration Adi says he saw the woman travel safely and was himself among those who took Khosrau's treasures. Yaqeen Institute adds that Muslim historians place the third sign, when no one would accept charity, in the time of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz (d. 720).
Scope
The fulfillment of the first two parts is the narrator's own testimony within the report.
Egypt, the land of the qirat
Sahih Muslim 2543Sahih (Muslim)
“You would soon conquer Egypt and that is a land which is known (as the land of al-qirat). So when you conquer it, treat its inhabitants well. For there lies upon you the responsibility because of blood-tie or relationship of marriage (with them).”Sahih Muslim 2543b, English translation as given on sunnah.com
What happened
Amr ibn al-As led the Muslim conquest of Egypt from 639; Alexandria was surrendered in 641 to 642.
The Muslim case
Yaqeen Institute notes the second-person address ('you'), meaning the companions themselves, and that Abu Dharr reports leaving Egypt after seeing two men dispute over a brick's space, as he had been told.
Scope
The kinship mentioned is explained by scholars as Hagar (and Mariya, the Prophet's wife) being from Egypt.
Six signs: his death, Jerusalem, then a plague
Sahih al-Bukhari 3176Sahih (al-Bukhari)
“Count six signs that indicate the approach of the Hour: my death, the conquest of Jerusalem, a plague that will afflict you (and kill you in great numbers) as the plague that afflicts sheep, the increase of wealth to such an extent that even if one is given one hundred Dinars, he will not be satisfied; then an affliction which no Arab house will escape ...”Sahih al-Bukhari 3176, English translation as given on sunnah.com
What happened
After the Prophet's death in 632, Jerusalem surrendered to the caliph Umar in 637 or 638. The plague of Amwas struck Syria in 638 to 639 and killed many companions, including Abu Ubayda and Muadh ibn Jabal.
The Muslim case
Yaqeen Institute and InfoIslam present the first signs as fulfilled in order, with the abundance of wealth under Uthman and the civil strife after his killing. IslamQA lists the conquest of Jerusalem and the plague of Amwas among signs already past.
Scope
Only the signs that have occurred are presented here; scholars place the final sign, a truce with the Romans, in the future.
The city of Heraclius first
Musnad Ahmad 6645Authenticated by al-Albani (al-Silsila al-Sahiha 4), as cited by Yaqeen Institute
“Which city will be liberated first, Constantinople or Rome?” He said, “The city of Heraclius will be liberated first.”Musnad Ahmad 6645, translation as given by Yaqeen Institute
What happened
Constantinople, the Byzantine capital, was taken by the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II in 1453. Rome has not come under Muslim rule.
The Muslim case
Yaqeen Institute presents this as fulfilled about eight centuries later. Musnad Ahmad was compiled in the ninth century, long before 1453.
Scope
A separate, better-known report praising 'its leader and its army' (Ahmad 18957) is graded weak by Shu'ayb al-Arna'ut; Yaqeen notes this, so it is not relied on here. Some scholars also expect a later conquest.